Vocab answer7/12/2023 Nuclear DNA, on the other hand, has a low mutation rate, making it ideal for looking into the more distant past. As useful as this is, the high mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA allows scientists a look at only relatively recent prehistory. This allows for the tracing of mutations that arise independently of changes that occur because of the combining of the mother’s and father’s DNA. As opposed to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA is transmitted only from the mother. Genetic investigations into the origins of human life most often focus on mitochondrial DNA. Recently, the replacement scenario, as it is sometimes called, has been lent support from genetic research. There is less agreement as to whether the humans that left Africa in a final exodus as recently as 100,000 years ago replaced all other hominids (thus becoming ancestors to everyone now alive) or humans evolved independently in geographically separated regions. It is now commonly accepted that human life originated in East Africa. The following is an excerpt from “Human Life and Migration - an Origin Story,” (2020) ![]() Hilbery was so rich in the gifts which make tea-parties of elderly distinguished people successful, that she scarcely needed any help from her daughter, provided that the tiresome business of teacups and bread and butter was discharged for her.Īs used in the highlighted line, “mistress” most nearly means A single glance was enough to show that Mrs. But although she was silent, she was evidently mistress of a situation which was familiar enough to her, and inclined to let it take its way for the six hundredth time, perhaps, without bringing into play any of her unoccupied faculties. Perhaps a fifth part of her mind was thus occupied, and the remaining parts leapt over the little barrier of day which interposed between Monday morning and this rather subdued moment, and played with the things one does voluntarily and normally in the daylight. It was a Sunday evening in October, and in common with many other young ladies of her class, Katharine Hilbery was pouring out tea. The novel tells the story of two main female characters in London in the early 20th century. The following is an excerpt from Night and Day, a novel by Virginia Woolf that was first published in 1919. These multiple stable states, which arise from nonlinear positive feedbacks, imply sensitivity to initial conditions.Īs used in the highlighted line, “emergent” most nearly means A large range of ecological systems-as revealed in processes like desertification, soil degradation, coral reef bleaching, and epidemic disease-have been characterized by multiple stable states, with direct consequences for the livelihoods of the poor. Through feedbacks between lower-level localized behavior and the higher-level processes that they drive, ecological systems are known to demonstrate complex emergent properties that can be sensitive to initial conditions. ![]() This gap in the literature represents a major missed opportunity to advance our understanding of coupled ecological-economic systems. Yet scientists rarely integrate even the most rudimentary frameworks for understanding these ecological processes into models of economic growth and poverty. For example, infectious and parasitic diseases effectively steal human resources for their own survival and transmission. These resources in turn influence the nutrition and health of individuals, but can also be influenced by a variety of other biophysical processes. For basic subsistence, the extremely poor rely on human capital that is directly generated from their ability to obtain resources, and thus critically influenced by climate and soil that determine the success of food production. Two overwhelming characteristics of under-developed economies and the poorest, mostly rural, subpopulations in those countries are (i) the dominant role of resource-dependent primary production-from soils, fisheries, forests, and wildlife-as the root source of income and (ii) the high rates of morbidity and mortality due to parasitic and infectious diseases. The modern economics literature on poverty traps, however, is strikingly silent about the role of feedbacks from biophysical and biosocial processes. al’s “Poverty, Disease, and the Ecology of Complex Systems” © 2014 Ngonghala et al. The passage is excerpted from Ngonghala CN, et.
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